Background: The aim of this study is to explore the safety and diagnostic performance of dual-source CT scan in comparison with single source CT scan and conventional angiography in patients with coronary heart diseases.Materials and methods: A systematic review was performed using CRD standard methods. The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar and TRIP were searched up to April 2009. The references of the marked studies and gray literature were also searched.Results: 17 articles were included. 9 articles reported the safety and 12 articles reported the diagnostic performance of DSCT.  Generally DSCT was a non-invasive and safe procedure.  Using DSCT the exposure of patient to X-ray was less than 64-slice single source CT (SSCT) and more than conventional angiography. For the DSCT the mean sensitivity was 90.4%, mean specificity was 82%, mean PPV was 83% and mean NPV was 96%. For the SSCT the mean sensitivity was 90.4%, mean specificity was 82%, mean PPV was 83% and mean NPV was 96%. The mean sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of DSCT were slightly higher than SSCT.Conclusion: DSCT is a noninvasive and relatively safe technology. The diagnostic performance of DSCT is higher than SSCT, but its performance is not so much high to be able to substitute the conventional invasive angiography which is still the gold standard test.

Introduction: The exact estimation of evapotranspiration has significant importance in the programming of irrigation development and other distribution systems and water usage. Since the main user of water in the country is the agriculture sector, therefore, the exact estimation of plants’ water demand has been adverted extensively. The assessment methods of reference evapotranspiration are classified in two types of direct and indirect. The calculation of reference evapotranspiration in scientific and in vitro form and with high accuracy is possible by using lysimeter but in comparison to the indirect methods that are based on the climatic data of weather stations, the use of lysimeter is unfortunately inefficient. This is not just for the time consuming and high cost of lysimeter but it is for the limitation of weather stations and spottiness of the estimated values; in this way it is not possible to expand the obtained results to the large scale. Remote sensing is an authentic technique for the assessment of evapotranspiration in large scale which do not consume much time and money. The existence of different satellites by having different spatial and temporal resolution, redouble the importance and usability of this technique Material and Methods: Actual evapotranspiration assessment in the region were done based on SEBAL, SSEB and TSEB algorithms on 46 imageries of MODIS, seven imageries of Landsat7 (ETM+) and seven imageries of Landsat5 (TM) in years of 2001-2003. Multiplicity of imageries of MODIS show the proper time resolution of this sensor and is a reason for less errors in the assessment of reference evapotranspiration. In the evaluation of the three algorithms of SEBAL, SSEB and TSEB in the three satellites. Result and Discussion: In the evaluation of the three algorithms of SEBAL, SSEB and TSEB in the three satellites, MODIS shows the least errors (respectively, RMSE=0. 856, 1. 385 and 2. 7 mm/day), then Landsat7 is placed in the second class by having higher spatial resolution (respectively, RMSE=1. 042, 1. 56 and 2. 76 mm/day) and Landsat5 has the highest errors (respectively, RMSE = 1. 14, 1. 97 and 3. 06 mm/day). NDVI was found at the lowest amount in the beginning of cultivation period because of germination and sparseness of vegetation, and increase respectively by increasing temperature and crop canopy. L factor has a significant importance in the assessment of SAVI which is related to the area crop coverage percentage. Amount of L has been estimated as L=0. 6 that has the least errors in comparison to the others. Conclusion: In this study, the proper amount for L factor in estimation of the SAVI amount was about 0. 6 which was based on the investigations on soil correction factor, the results of statistical indexes and the type and dispersal of vegetation in the region. The accuracy estimation of evapotranspiration of two single-source algorithms of SEBAL and SSEB and one two-source algorithm of TSEB in Bushehr province were evaluated. SEBAL algorithm presented more exact results based on statistical indexes among two single-source algorithms and the obtained results in 95% level of this algorithm showed significant differences with lysimetric measurements. This algorithm was chosen as the premier algorithm in the region. Two-source algorithm of TSEB showed the highest amount of errors. Satellite imageries by having higher spatial resolution estimated evapotranspiration with higher accuracy, the reason of which is proper choosing of cold and hot pixels. Although, because of having proper time resolution and variation of image numbers and also presenting of more time series in comparison to ETM+ and TM, MODIS was more adverted. ETM+ which is located on Landsat satellite was lied in the second place because of its resolution and having higher spatial resolution.

It has been proved that sphericity testing for digraphs is an NP-complete problem. Here, we investigate sphericity of 3-connected single source digraphs. We provide a new combinatorial characterization of sphericity and give a linear time algorithm for sphericity testing. Our algorithm tests whether a 3-connected single source digraph with n vertices is spherical in O (n) time.

Background and Objectives: Increasing environmental problems and challenges have led to increased use of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic or PV system. One of the attractive research fields is power electronic converters as interfaces for renewable energy sources. Multilevel inverters can operate as such interfaces. This paper introduces modified topologies of switched-capacitor multilevel inverters, designed to overcome constraints of low voltage renewable energy sources such as PV. Methods: Configuration of topologies utilize a single DC source with series or parallel connection of capacitors to produce 7-level, 9-level, and 11-level voltage in the converter load side. The paper presents the converter operation principle, elements voltage stress analysis, and capacitor sizing calculations. Also, operation analysis of suggested inverter topologies is validated using implemented set up. Results: Comprehensive comparative analysis reveals that the proposed topologies have merits and superior performance compared to existing solutions regarding component number, voltage boost factor, and voltage stress. The experimental measurement results confirm the accuracy of multilevel output voltage waveforms and the self-balancing of capacitor voltages, as predicted by theoretical analysis.Conclusion: The suggested switched-capacitor multilevel inverters, moreover the superiority over previously presented topologies, show great potential for application in photovoltaic systems and electric vehicle battery banks.

First, the impedance source idea is used to alleviate the problems of Voltage source Inverters (VSI), and Current source Inverters (CSI), which leads to the introduction of the Z-source Inverter (ZSI). Afterwards, not only did the Z-source cells were used in the inverter topologies, but they were also added to other power electronic converters, such as dc-dc choppers, ac-dc rectifiers, and ac-ac converters. Moreover, these power electronic converters, which have Z-source cells, are widely used in different applications. In particular, the existing single-phase ac-ac Z-source converters are reviewed in this paper, and their different features are studied in detail. In the past decades, the single-phase Z-source ac-ac converters have attracted significant attention due to their unique features, such as single-stage power conversion, boost in-phase, and buck out-of-phase features. Therefore, several modified or improved structures along with different control methods have been introduced to solve their problems and limitations. Based on the four features, these structures can be categorized into four groups: without magnetic coupling, with magnetic coupling, able to change the frequency, and inherent commutation. In this review, a general diagram is depicted, which many of the existing topologies can be obtained from it. Additionally, new topologies can be obtained by having this general diagram. After studying these structures, a comparative study is made to obtain the advantages and disadvantages of each. In the end, some advice and recommendations are given to develop and obtain new structures.

Background and Aim: Multi-party arbitration as one of the platforms and mechanisms for resolving disputes in domestic and international commercial relations, which has been recognized by domestic and international regulations, is of course due to the existence of legal relations between persons in a multilateral manner, which expands and,he complexity of relationships between individuals in the field of domestic and international trade is considered to be its generator. The acceptance and implementation of multilateral arbitration leads to fundamental concerns in opposition to the requirements and legal principles of arbitration, including the principle of consent, the freedom of individuals in determining the arbitration panel and the necessity of equal treatment with those around the arbitration, which, of course, by separating them in terms of whether or not they are imperative. The field of legitimacy of the implementation of multilateral arbitration is facilitated and concerns subside. The provision of legal guarantees to comply with the arbitration requirements, especially in the implementation stage of multilateral arbitration awards, eases the mind and strengthens the public interest in multilateral arbitration with a single origin. Method: The current research is of a theoretical type with a descriptive analytical method and the method of collecting information is in the form of a library by referring to documents, books and articles. Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed. Results: The findings indicate the realism of arbitration rules and internal regulations and international documents in providing models and formulas that involve repelling and resolving challenges and concerns of non-compliance with arbitration requirements, especially in multilateral arbitrations with a single origin. Conclusion: Arbitration requirements in the general sense and multilateral arbitration in a special sense in the phenomenon of satisfaction with the principle of arbitration are considered binding legal rules and the requirements of arbitration regarding equal treatment in the general sense and equal treatment in determining the arbitration panel in the specific sense of the mandatory legal rules It is considered as a supplementary factor and based on this, the hypothesis of the absolute authority of the requirements and principles of arbitration is rejected.

Background: The need for a rapid, noninvasive method for unwanted hair removal has led to the development of various light sources for this purpose. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Intense Pulsed Light source (IPLS) on unwanted hairs. Patients & Methods: In this open, uncontrolled clinical trial, 77 different anatomical areas in 34 referred patients to "Novin Didegan Clinic" in Tehran in 1380-1381, were treated by IPLS at fluencies ranging from 22 to 34 j/cm2 after their demographic data and the number of hairs were recorded. The 3 to 7 treatment sessions were accomplished 4 to 6 weeks apart. All of the patients were followed 6 months after the last therapy. The quantitative data were  analyzed by paired t test. Results: Six months after the last therapy, more than 50% reduction in number of hairs was noted in 80% of the treated areas; with mean reduction of 72±23 percent. Side effects were mild and reversible and occurred in ten patients. Conclusion: The IPLS appears to provide an effective and safe method for long term excess hair removal in various skin types.      

The Fermat-Weber location problem is to find a point in Rn that minimizes the sum of the weighted Euclidean distances from m given points in Rn. In this paper we consider the Fermat-Weber problem of one new facilitiy with respect ton unknown customers in order to minimizing the sum of transportation costs between this facility and the customers. We assumed that each customer is located in a nonempty convex closed bounded subset of Rn.

In this paper, we investigate the single-source Capacitated Multi-Facility Weber Problem. The aim is to locate several new facilities among existing customers and simultaneously allocate customers to facilities, so that capacity constraints are met and each customer will provide all its demand from just one facility, and as a result, the total cost of transporting between new facilities and existing customers gets minimum. A Genetic Algorithm is proposed for solving the problem, in which a local search method is embedded. The proposed Genetic Algorithm is tested on existing data sets to evaluate its robustness over available methods in the literature.